Physics

Beam A beam is a bar on rod of uniform rectangular or circular cross – section of a homogeneous isotropic elastic material having length much greater than its crossа -sectional area.   Internal bending moment A beam can be divided up into a number of straight parallel filaments having same lengths. When external torque is … Read more

Show that Strain energy line due to bending of the beam Solution – Let, due to bending the filament of length dl at a distance z from the neutral layer is extended by x work done necessary in Stretching the filament is stored up in the filament as a potential energy. Work done in stretching … Read more

Relation among elastic constants : ( Y, σ, k, n, x) Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and Rigidity modulus of an elastic solid are all together are known as elastic constants. When a deforming force is acting on a solid continuously, it results in the change in its original dimension. In such cases, we can use … Read more

ELASTICITY Elasticity :- The property by virtue of which a body undergoes a change in size, shape or both due to application of external forces, tend to region its original size and shape when the external forces are withdrawn, is called elasticity. Perfectly elastic body :- Bodies which can regain completely their original conditions or … Read more

What is hybrid parameter? Hybrid parameters (also known as h parameters) are known as ‘hybrid’ parameters as they use Z parameters, Y parameters, voltage ratio, and current ratios to represent the relationship between voltage and current in a two port network. Hybrid parameter or h parameter – Every linear two port circuit having input and output … Read more

Transistor Biasing   Transistor biasing Biasing of a transistor means the establishment of the Q- point by connecting the transistor to external voltage sources via appropriate circuit. Factors for which the Q- point may shift- Q-point of a transistor may shift due to the following factors : i) due to change in temperature ii) due … Read more

 Load line , Operating point and Transistor biasing Load line In graphical analysis , a load line is a line drawn on the characteristic curve, a graph of the current vs the voltage in a nonlinear device such as a diode or a transistor. It describes the constraint implied on the voltage and current in … Read more

TRANSISTOR What is transistor ? Transistor – A transistor consists of an any type of semiconductor (let p-type) in which a layer of other type semiconductor (let n-type) 25 sandwiched between them. Thus transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device, where the terminals are called – i) emitter (E) ii) base (B) iii) Collector (C) … Read more

Rectifiers and Filters Rectifier A rectifier is a device which converts  alternating current (AC) to direct or unidirectional current (DC) Half wave rectifier It consists of a transformer, the primary of which is fed by signal voltage. The end A of the secondary is connected to the p type while the end B is connected … Read more

Variation of potential barrier Potential barrier graph Current voltage relationship of a p-n junction diode Shockley equation Let Pno is the concentration of holes in n-region. With the application of a forward bias v. The height of the potential barrier (Vb) across the junction es reduced to Vb – V . According to Boltzmann statistics, … Read more